Chapter 3. Interpretation of Contracts

• § 151. All Contracts, Public and Private, Interpreted by Same Rules
• § 152. Intent Controls
• § 153. Intention Ascertained, How
• § 154. Language Governs
• § 155. Intention Ascertained from Writing
• § 156. Real Intention Not Expressed—Error to be Disregarded
• § 157. Effect Given to Every Part
• § 158. Several Contracts Taken as One
• § 159. Interpretation Favors Validity
• § 160. Words to be Taken in Ordinary Sense—Exceptions
• § 161. Technical Words
• § 162. What Law Governs
• § 163. Circumstances Explain
• § 164. Terms Restricted to Intention of Parties
• § 165. Promisor's Belief as to Promisee's Understanding Governs in Case of Ambiguity
• § 166. Part Subordinate to Whole
• § 167. Written and Original Parts Control
• § 168. Repugnancy—How Reconciled
• § 169. Inconsistent Words Rejected
• § 170. Interpretation Against Party Causing Uncertainty
• § 171. Reasonable Stipulations Implied
• § 172. Necessary Incidents Implied, when
• § 173. Reasonable Time Allowed Where Not Specified—Immediate Performance
• § 174. Time Not of Essence Unless so Provided
• § 175. Promise Presumed Joint and Several, when
• § 176. Promise of Several in Singular Form
• § 177. Executed and Executory Contracts Defined
• § 178. Contracts Designating Former Spouse as Beneficiary or Providing Death Benefits—Effect of Divorce or Annulment