Regulation No. 11

NEW YORK STATE CIVIL DEFENSE COMMISSION

REGULATIONS GOVERNING

CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND

USE OF FALLOUT SHELTERS

APPLICABLE TO

FAMILY FALLOUT SHELTERS

This Document shall be known as the Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Group Fallout Shelters. It is hereinafter referred to as "these Regulations."

The purpose of these Regulations is to provide basic and uniform regulations in terms of performance objectives, so as to establish reasonable safeguards for the safety, health, and welfare of the occupants and users of group fallout shelters. Adequate design and performance shall be the basis of acceptability.

For purposes of these Regulations fallout shelters shall be designed for a useful life of twenty years.

If any term, part, provision, section, subdivision or paragraph of these Regulations shall be held unconstitutional, invalid, or ineffective, in whole or in part, such determination shall not be deemed to invalidate the remaining terms, parts, provisions, sections, subdivisions and paragraphs thereof.

These Regulations shall apply to the following:

Fallout shelters in new buildings;

New fallout shelters in existing buildings;

Fallout shelters as separate structures.

Any addition or alteration to a fallout shelter shall be made in conformity with applicable provisions of these Regulations.

Fallout shelters shall be maintained in a safe and sanitary condition.

Materials, assemblies, construction and equipment shall conform to the provisions of these Regulations, and shall conform to "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Group Fallout Shelters" as listed in the Appendix, with respect to strength, durability, corrosion resistance, fire resistance and other qualities recognized under those standards. Test specimens and construction shall be truly representative of the material, workmanship and details to be used in actual practice.

a--Compliance with applicable provisions of "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Group Fallout Shelters," except as otherwise prescribed in these Regulations, shall constitute compliance with these Regulations.

b--Deviations from applicable provisions of "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Group Fallout Shelters," when it shall have been conclusively proved that such deviations meet the performance requirements of these Regulations shall constitute compliance with these Regulations.

a--Abbreviations, terms, phrases, words and their derivatives used in these Regulations shall have the meanings given in this section.

b--Words used in the singular include the plural, and the plural the singular. Words used in the masculine gender include the feminine and neuter genders.

Accessory structure. A structure having a use incidental to that of the main building and attached to it or located on the same premises.

Addition. Extension or increase in area or height of a fallout shelter.

Alteration. Any change, rearrangement or addition to a fallout shelter.

Alternate use. In connection with a dual purpose fallout shelter, the use for other than a fallout shelter.

Approved. Approved by the enforcement officer under the provisions of these Regulations, or approved by an authority designated by law or these Regulations.

Combustible. Material or combination of materials that will ignite and support combustion when heated at any temperature up to 1382°F. (750°C.).

Construction classification. A classification of buildings as designated in local building regulations into types of construction based on the fire resistance of the walls, floors, roof and other structural members.

Dual purpose fallout shelter. A building, accessory structure, addition or alteration having an alternate use in addition to fallout shelter use.

Entrance. A means of access to fallout shelter from the interior or exterior of a building including doors, doorways, passageways, hallways, corridors, stairways, ramps and all other elements necessary for access.

Fallout. The radioactive debris of a nuclear explosion that eventually falls to earth in particles.

Fallout shelter. A building, structure or other real property, or an area or portion thereof, so constructed, altered or improved as to provide protection against harmful radiation resulting from radioactive fallout, including such plumbing, heating, electrical, ventilating, air conditioning, filtrating, refrigerating equipment and other mechanical additions or installations, if any, as may be an integral part thereof. See definition of family fallout shelter and group fallout shelter.

Family. A household constituting a single housekeeping unit occupied by one or more persons and where not more than four lodgers reside.

Family fallout shelter. A fallout shelter intended for the use of one or two families. See "Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Family Fallout Shelters."

Fire area. The floor area of a story of a fallout shelter within exterior walls, party walls, fire walls or any combination thereof.

Fire Damper. An approved automatic or self-closing noncombustible barrier designed to prevent the passage of air, gases, smoke or fire through an opening, duct or plenum chamber.

Load, dead. Weight of permanent construction, including walls, framing, floors, roofs, partitions, stairways, and fixed building service equipment.

Load, design.Total load that a structure is designed to sustain.

Load, imposed. Loads, exclusive of dead load, that a structure is to sustain.

Load, live. Load imposed solely by the occupancy.

Lodger. A transient or permanent paying guest.

Net available area. The floor area of a fallout shelter within the walls of the fallout shelter and available for fallout shelter purposes such as for sleeping, eating, food preparation, toilets, storage of food, water, bunks and other supplies and material. The net available area does not include the following: a--In dual purpose fallout shelters, the floor area occupied by materials or equipment for the alternate use that cannot be removed in the event of an emergency; b--a service area to a fallout shelter; c--the area required for radiation shielding, baffling, and mechanical and electrical equipment.

Net available volume. The volume of the net available area between the floor and the construction above.

Noncombustible. Material or combination of materials that will not ignite and support combustion when heated up to 1382°F. (750°C.), during an exposure of five minutes.

Passageway. Space, used for access, serving as a means of travel to or from fallout shelters.

Political subdivision. A county, town, city, village, school district or other district, district corporation or public benefit corporation.

Potable water. Water suitable for drinking purposes.

Protection factor. The relative reduction in the amount of gamma radiation that would be received by a person in a fallout shelter compared with the amount he would receive if entirely unprotected.

Required. Required by these Regulations.

Roof covering. Material applied to roof surface for protection against the elements. Roof insulation shall not be deemed to be a roof covering.

Service area. An area containing equipment serving a fallout shelter but not included in the net available area.

Shall. Is mandatory as used in these Regulations.

a--Construction, within the scope of these Regulations, shall be performed in such manner that the workmen and public shall be protected from injury, and adjoining property shall be protected from damage by the use of scaffolding, underpinning, or other approved methods.

b--Access to utilities and public facilities, including among others, fire hydrants, fire alarm boxes, police call boxes, street lights and manholes, shall be kept unobstructed during construction.

a--Safe and sanitary conditions shall be provided where demolition and wrecking operations are being carried on. Work shall he done in such manner that hazard from fire, possibility of injury, danger to health and conditions that may constitute a public nuisance will be minimized, in conformity with local building regulations or generally accepted standards.

b--Access to utilities and public facilities, including among others, fire hydrants, fire alarm boxes, police call boxes, street lights and manholes, shall be kept unobstructed during demolition.

c--Gas, electric, sewer, heat, power, water and other service connections shall be disconnected, removed or sealed, in conformity with the applicable regulations of the public utility or municipal agency having jurisdiction.

a--Fallout shelters shall be provided with shielding designed for a protection factor of at least 100 as determined by "Generally Accepted Standards applicable to General Provisions and Shielding."

b--In determining the protection factor, the radiation through openings in the shielding shall be considered.

c--Entrances shall be designed with offsets, baffles or other means to reduce fallout radiation.

Fallout shelters shall have sufficient area and volume so as to provide a relatively safe and healthful environment.

Sufficient ventilation, potable water and sanitary facilities shall be provided for survival in a fallout shelter.

a--The alternate use of a dual purpose fallout shelter shall comply with the State Building Construction Code or other building code in effect in the political subdivision and shall also comply with the applicable portions of these Regulations.

b--A dual purpose fallout shelter shall not be used for any purpose that would prohibit, restrict or interfere with its immediate use at any time for a fallout shelter.

Fallout shelters shall be designed and constructed so as to comply with the requirements hereinafter set forth concerning size and entrances.

a--Fallout shelters shall have not less than 10 square feet of net available area for each person and 40 cubic feet of net available volume for each person.

b--The headroom of the fallout shelter at the highest point shall be not less than as follows:

Fallout shelters shall have not less than 10 square feet of net available area for each person and 55 cubic feet of net available volume for each person and a minimum height of 5′-6″ for 50 per cent of the net available area.

a--Entrances to fallout shelters for ten persons or less shall be of sufficient size to permit the passage of a sphere, 22″ in diameter.

b--Entrances to fallout shelters for more than ten persons shall be of sufficient size to permit the passage of a sphere, 2′-6″ in diameter.

a--Fallout shelters and parts thereof shall be capable of sustaining safely their own weight and the loads to which they may be subjected.

b--Fallout shelters shall be constructed so that loads are transmitted to the soil without undue differential settlement, or unsafe deformation.

c--Wherever structural materials are subject to deterioration and might become structurally unsound if unprotected, protection in conformity with local building regulations or generally accepted standards for the material involved shall be provided. Causes of such deterioration include among others, action of freezing and thawing, dampness, corrosion, wetting and drying, and termites and other destructive insects.

d--Fallout shelters built in soil which is water bearing at any season of the year shall be constructed so that the ground and surface water will not penetrate into the fallout shelter.

Safe working stresses shall be assigned to materials in accordance with their classification either as controlled materials or ordinary materials, in conformity with generally accepted standards.

Fallout shelters shall be of sufficient strength to support the design loads and to resist the deformations caused by such loads to which they may be subjected, without exceeding the allowable stresses in the generally accepted standards. Such loads shall include the dead load and the following imposed loads where applicable—live, snow, wind, earth cover, soil pressures (including surcharge), hydrostatic head and impact loads.

Uniformly distributed live loads on floors for the design of fallout shelters shall be at least 40 psf.

Minimum snow loads for the design of fallout shelters shall be in conformity with the loads shown on the snow map on page 18 but shall not be less than 30 psf and need not exceed 60 psf.

Fallout shelters where subject to wind shall be designed for a pressure of at least 20 psf applied normal to the vertical surface.

Where a fallout shelter is constructed within an existing building, the design of the structural parts of the building thereby affected shall be reviewed and such parts shall be strengthened if required to sustain safely the imposed loads.

The capacity of an assembly to sustain dead and imposed loads without exceeding the allowable stresses shall be determined by any one of the procedures described in the generally accepted standards.

To retard the exterior fire spread, exterior walls and roof coverings of fallout shelters where located partially or wholly above grade shall have fire-resistance ratings not less than as required by local building regulations or generally accepted standards.

Where heat producing equipment is located adjacent to combustible materials, the insulation and clearance of the equipment shall be such that the temperature on the surface of the combustible materials will not exceed 175°F.

Concealed spaces within wall, partition, floor or stair construction shall be fire- stopped or filled with noncombustible material to prevent the passage of flame, smoke, fumes and hot gases.

a--Plumbing, heating, electrical, ventilating, and other mechanical additions, installations or systems, where provided for the use of a fallout shelter shall be designed, installed, and located so that such equipment and systems will not be a potential danger to health or welfare, a danger because of structural defects, or a source of ignition, or any other hazard, and will not create excessive noise, or other-wise become a nuisance.

b--The design and installation of equipment and systems shall conform to the requirements of section AS 106.

c--Piping, conduits, or ducts which may be a potential hazard shall not be permitted in fallout shelters, except where shut-offs are provided outside the fallout shelter.

Plumbing systems shall conform with the requirements of section AS 501.

a--Potable water from a suitable source shall be available at all times in fallout shelters.

b--The source of potable water supply for a fallout shelter shall be:

1) A safe well water source;

2) Storage of water.

c--A minimum of 1/2 gallon of potable water shall be available for each person per day for a minimum of 14 days.

d--Storage of potable water shall be provided under sanitary conditions by one of the following:

1) Portable containers;

2) Water storage tanks;

3) Other approved means.

a--Facilities designed to permit sanitary disposal or storage of sewage, shall be provided in or adjacent to fallout shelters.

b--At least one toilet shall be provided in the fallout shelter.

c--Toilets shall consist of one of the following:

1) Water closets, where adequate flushing water is available;

2) Chemical toilets;

3) Fixed or portable type with waterproof disposable containers;

4) Other approved types.

a--The minimum amount of air for ventilation of a fallout shelter shall be 3 cfm for each person.

b--Ventilating systems for outside underground or above ground fallout shelters shall be of the mechanical type except where it can be shown that the minimum amount of air is otherwise provided.

c--Where mechanical ventilating equipment is provided, air shall not be recirculated.

d--Mechanical ventilation systems shall be in conformity with the requirements of section AS 501.

e--Filters, where provided, shall be designed and installed so as not to constitute a fire or smoke hazard.

Fuel gas piping equipment and systems where provided shall be in conformity with the requirements of section AS 501.

a--Heating systems, where provided, shall be in conformity with the requirements of section AS 501.

b--Fuel burning equipment, where provided, shall be located in spaces that are ventilated in an approved manner.

Where electrical wiring and equipment is installed in a fallout shelter, it shall conform to the requirements of section AS 501.

A generally accepted standard is defined in these Regulations as a specification, code, rule, guide or procedure in the field of construction, or related thereto, recognized and accepted as authoritative and as listed in "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Family Fallout Shelters."

The standards are identified by symbols representing the name of the issuing or sponsoring organization or the general category of publications, the title of the standard, and its identification number, the last figures of which frequently indicate the year of issue. The names of the organizations, the abbreviations of their names, and the addresses where copies of the standards may be obtained, are listed herein.

The standards are arranged to correspond with parts 1, 3, 4 and 5 of these Regulations, relating, in that order, to general provisions and shielding requirements, structural requirements, fire-safety requirements and equipment requirements.

Regulation No. 11

REGULATIONS GOVERNING

CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND

USE OF FALLOUT SHELTERS

APPLICABLE TO

GROUP FALLOUT SHELTERS

This Document shall be known as the Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to family fallout shelters. It is hereinafter referred to as "these Regulations."

The purpose of these Regulations is to provide basic and uniform regulations in terms of performance objectives, so as to establish reasonable safeguards for the safety, health, and welfare of the occupants of family fallout shelters. Adequate design and performance shall be the basis of acceptability.

For purposes of these Regulations fallout shelters shall be designed for a useful life of ten years.

If any term, part, provision, section, subdivision or paragraph of these Regulations shall be held unconstitutional, invalid, or ineffective, in whole or in part, such determination shall not be deemed to invalidate the remaining terms, parts, provisions, sections, subdivisions and paragraphs thereof.

These Regulations shall apply to the following:

Fallout shelters in new buildings;

New fallout shelters in existing buildings;

Fallout shelters as separate structures.

Any addition or alteration to a fallout shelter shall be made in conformity with applicable provisions of these Regulations.

Fallout shelters shall be maintained in a safe and sanitary condition.

Materials, assemblies, construction and equipment shall conform to the provisions of these Regulations, and shall conform to "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Family Fallout Shelters" as listed in the Appendix with respect to strength, durability, corrosion resistance, fire resistance and other qualities recognized under those standards. Test specimens and construction shall be truly representative of the material, workmanship and details to be used in actual practice.

a--Compliance with applicable provisions of "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Family Fallout Shelters," except as otherwise prescribed in these Regulations, shall constitute compliance with these Regulations.

b--Deviations from applicable provisions of "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Group Fallout Shelters," when it shall have been conclusively proved that such deviations meet the performance requirements of these Regulations, shall constitute compliance with these Regulations.

a--Abbreviations, terms, phrases, words and their derivatives used in these Regulations shall have the meanings given in this section.

b--Words used in the singular include the plural, and the plural the singular. Words used in the masculine gender include the feminine and neuter genders.

Accessory structure. A structure having a use incidental to that of the main building and attached to it or located on the same premises.

Addition. Extension or increase in area or height of a fallout shelter.

Alteration. Any change, rearrangement or addition to a fallout shelter.

Alternate use. In connection with a dual purpose fallout shelter, the use for other than a fallout shelter.

Approved. Approved by the enforcement officer under the provisions of these Regulations, or approved by an authority designated by law or these Regulations.

Combustible. Material or combination of materials that will ignite and support combustion when heated at any temperature up to 1382°F. (750°C.).

Dual purpose fallout shelter. A building, accessory structure, addition or alteration having an alternate use in addition to fallout shelter use.

Entrance. A means of access to fallout shelter from the interior or exterior of a building including doors, doorways, passageways, hallways, corridors, stairways, ramps and all other elements necessary for access.

Fallout. The radioactive debris of a nuclear explosion that eventually falls to earth in particles.

Fallout shelter. A building, structure or other real property, or an area or portion thereof, so constructed, altered or improved as to provide protection against harmful radiation resulting from radioactive fallout, including such plumbing, heating, electrical, ventilating, air conditioning, filtrating and refrigerating equipment and other mechanical additions or installations, if any, as may be an integral part thereof. See definition of family fallout shelter and group fallout shelter.

Family. A household constituting a single housekeeping unit occupied by one or more persons and where not more than four lodgers reside.

Family fallout shelter. A fallout shelter intended for the use of one or two families.

Firestopping. A barrier effective against the spread of flames or hot gases within or between concealed spaces.

Generally accepted standard. A specification, code, rule, guide or procedure, in the field of construction or related thereto, recognized and accepted as authoritative as listed in "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Family Fallout Shelters."

Group fallout shelter. A fallout shelter other than a family fallout shelter. See "Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Group Fallout Shelters."

Hatch. An opening into a vertical entrance of a fallout shelter.

Fire-resistance rating. Time in hours or parts thereof that a material, construction or assembly will withstand fire exposure, as determined in a fire test made in conformity with generally accepted standards, or as determined by extension or interpretation of information derived therefrom.

Firestopping. A barrier effective against the spread of flames or hot gases within or between concealed spaces.

Flame-spread rating. The measurement of flame spread on the surface of materials or their assemblies as determined by tests conducted in conformity with generally accepted standards.

Flammable. Capability of materials or combination of materials to ignite within five seconds when exposed to flame.

Generally accepted standard. A specification, code, rule, guide or procedure, in the field of construction or related thereto, recognized and accepted as authoritative as listed in "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulation Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Group Fallout Shelters."

Group fallout shelter. A fallout shelter other than a family fallout shelter.

Interior finish. Material applied directly to walls or ceiling for acoustical correction, surface insulation, decorative treatment, or similar purposes, including but not limited to veneer, wainscoting and paneling. Surface finishes of wallpaper or other materials not more than 1/28-inch thick having no greater fire hazard than wallpaper shall not be deemed to be interior finish.

Interior trim. Material generally not exceeding 12 inches in width, around openings or on wall or ceiling, including casings, stools, aprons, baseboards, chair rails, picture molds, cornice and decorative moldings.

Load, dead. Weight of permanent construction, including walls, framing, floors, roofs, partitions, stairways, and fixed building service equipment.

Load, design. Total load that a structure is designed to sustain.

Load, imposed. Loads, exclusive of dead load, that a structure is to sustain.

Load, live. Load imposed solely by the occupancy.

Lodger. A transient or permanent paying guest.

Net available area. The floor area of a fallout shelter within the walls of the fallout shelter and available for fallout shelter purposes, such as for sleeping, eating, food preparation, toilets, storage of food, water, bunks and other supplies and material. The net available area does not include the following:

a--In dual purpose fallout shelters, the floor area occupied by materials or equipment for the alternate use, that cannot be removed in the event of an emergency;

b--A service area to a fallout shelter;

c--The area required for radiation shielding, baffling, and mechanical and electrical equipment.

Net available volume. The volume of the net available area between the floor and the construction above.

Noncombustible. Material or combination of materials that will not ignite and support combustion when heated up to 1382°F. (750°C.) during an exposure of five minutes.

Occupancy. Use of a building, structure or premises.

Occupancy classification. A classification of buildings into occupancy groups based on the kind or nature of occupancy or use.

Passageway. Space, used for access, serving as a means of travel to or from fallout shelters.

Political subdivision. A county, town, city, village, school district or other district, district corporation or public benefit corporation.

Potable water. Water approved for drinking purposes.

Protection factor. The relative reduction in the amount of gamma radiation that would be received by a person in a fallout shelter compared with the amount he would receive if entirely unprotected.

Required. Required by these Regulations.

Roof Covering. Material applied to roof surface for protection against the elements. Roof insulation shall not be deemed to be a roof covering.

Service area. An area containing equipment serving a fallout shelter but not included in the net available area.

Shall. Is mandatory as used in these Regulations.

Toilet space. Space containing facilities for disposal of human waste.

Wall, fire. A wall of noncombustible construction, with qualities of fire resistance and structural stability, that completely subdivides a fallout shelter into fire areas and that resists the spread of fire.

a--Construction, within the scope of these Regulations, shall be performed in such manner that the workmen and public shall be protected from injury, and adjoining property shall be protected from damage, by the use of scaffolding, underpinning, or other approved methods.

b--Access to utilities and public facilities, including among others, fire hydrants, fire alarm boxes, police call boxes, street lights and manholes, shall be kept unobstructed during construction.

a--Safe and sanitary conditions shall be provided where demolition and wrecking operations are being carried on. Work shall be done in such manner that hazard from fire, possibility of injury, danger to health and conditions that may constitute a public nuisance will be minimized, in conformity with local building regulations or generally accepted standards.

b--Access to utilities and public facilities, including among others, fire hydrants, fire alarm boxes, police call boxes, street lights and manholes, shall be kept unobstructed during demolition.

c--Gas, electric, sewer, heat, power, water and other service connections shall be disconnected, removed or sealed in conformity with the applicable regulations of the public utility or municipal agency having jurisdiction.

a--Fallout shelters shall be provided with shielding designed for a protection factor of at least 100 as determined by "Generally Accepted Standards Applicable to General Provisions and Shielding."

b--In determining the protection factor, the radiation through openings in the shielding shall be considered.

c--Entrances shall be designed with offsets, baffles or other means to reduce fallout radiation.

Fallout shelters shall have sufficient area and volume so as to provide a relatively safe and healthful environment.

Sufficient ventilation, potable water, sanitary facilities and light and power shall be provided for survival in a fallout shelter.

a--The alternate use of a dual purpose fallout shelter shall comply with the State Building Construction Code or other building code in effect in the political subdivision and shall also comply with the applicable portions of these Regulations.

b--A dual purpose fallout shelter shall not be used for any purpose that would prohibit, restrict or interfere with its immediate use at any time for a fallout shelter.

c--Dual purpose fallout shelters shall not have an alternate use where odors, dust, smoke or gases are emitted or where flammable or explosive materials are involved, unless precautions are taken to eliminate these hazards during occupancy as a shelter.

Fallout shelters shall be designed and constructed so as to comply with the requirements hereinafter set forth concerning size and entrances.

The classification of buildings with respect to occupancy or use, type of construction or fire hazard in accordance with the local building code for a political subdivision shall not be affected by the inclusion of a fallout shelter.

A fallout shelter in a new or existing building shall have a type of construction in which fire-resistance ratings of the structural elements are not less than that required for the building by local building regulations or generally accepted standards, except that for existing buildings no more than one hour fire-resistance ratings shall be required for structural members used only to support additional shielding materials.

A fallout shelter shall be subdivided into fire areas permitted for that building under the local building regulations or generally accepted standards, except that rules regarding increase in fire areas because of accessibility to streets, fire hydrants and the use of sprinklers shall not apply.

a--Fallout shelters for 15 persons or less shall have not less than 12 square feet of net available area for each person and 65 cubic feet of net available volume for each person, and a minimum height of 6 feet for 50 per cent of the net available area.

b--Fallout shelters for 16 persons or more shall have 180 square feet of net available area, plus not less than 10 square feet of net available area for each person over 15 persons, and 65 cubic feet of net available volume for each person with a minimum height of 6 feet for 50 per cent of the fallout shelter net available area.

c--Service areas shall not be included as part of the required net available area.

a--Toilet spaces shall be provided and shall be in readily accessible locations with provisions to prevent direct view from outside the toilet space.

b--Toilets shall be in separate spaces for each sex.

a--Fallout shelters with a capacity of 200 persons or less shall be provided with at least one entrance. Fallout shelters with a capacity of 201 persons or more shall have at least two entrances. Entrances shall be arranged and constructed so that persons may enter safely.

b--Entrances shall be located so that they are readily accessible. They shall not be concealed nor the direction of the passageways obscured and they shall be as remote from each other as possible.

c--The required width of passageways shall not be diminished throughout the path of travel to the fallout shelter.

d--Passageways shall be in conformity with the requirements of section GS 106 except as provided in these Regulations and except that they need not be enclosed.

e--Entrances and passageways shall be plainly marked with fallout shelter signs.

f--The total width of all entrances to a fallout shelter shall be determined in units of 22 inches and shall be based on the maximum capacity of the fallout shelter in conformity with the following table:

Credit for fractions of units shall not be allowed, except that a credit of one-half unit shall be allowed for 12 inches of clear width added to one or more 22-inch units of width.

g--The minimum width of a passageway or entrance to a fallout shelter shall be 30 inches, except that for bedridden patients the minimum width shall be 44 inches.

h--The minimum height of entrances and passageways shall be 6 feet.

i--Entrances and passageways shall be maintained so as to provide free and unobstructed access from all parts of the building. No locks or fastening to prevent free access from the outside of a fallout shelter shall be installed except that locks or fastenings may be installed if a key to operate them is available at all times. Where the fallout shelter is locked, a sign shall be located at the entrance designating the location of the key.

j--Entrance doors where provided to fallout shelters shall swing in direction of exit from the fallout shelters.

k--Safe, continuous passageways to a fallout shelter shall be provided from the interior of a building or from the street or other legal open space at grade level connecting to a street.

a--Fallout shelters and parts thereof shall be capable of sustaining safely their own weight and the loads to which they may be subjected.

b--Fallout shelters shall be constructed so that loads are transmitted to the soil without undue differential settlement, or unsafe deformation.

c--Wherever structural materials are subject to deterioration and might become structurally unsound if unprotected, protection in conformity with local building regulations or generally accepted standards for the material involved shall be provided. Causes of such deterioration include, among others, action of freezing and thawing, dampness, corrosion, wetting and drying, termites and other destructive insects.

d--Fallout shelters built in soil that is water bearing at any season of the year shall be constructed so that the ground and surface water will not penetrate into the fallout shelter.

Safe working stresses shall be assigned to materials in accordance with their classification either as controlled materials or ordinary materials, in conformity with generally accepted standards.

Fallout shelters shall be of sufficient strength to support the design loads and to resist the deformation caused by such loads to which they may he subjected, without exceeding the allowable stresses in the generally accepted standards. Such loads shall include the dead load and the following imposed loads where applicable--live, snow, wind, earth cover, soil pressures (including surcharge), hydrostatic head and impact loads.

Uniformly distributed live loads on floors for the design of fallout shelters shall be at least 40 psf.

Minimum snow loads for the design or fallout shelters shall be in conformity with the loads shown on the snow map below but shall not be less than 30 psf and need not exceed 60 psf:

Fallout shelters where subject to wind shall be designed for a pressure of at least 20 psf applied normal to the vertical surface.

Where a fallout shelter it constructed within an existing building, the design of the structural parts of the building thereby affected shall be reviewed and such parts shall be strengthened if required to sustain safely the imposed loads.

The capacity of an assembly to sustain dead and imposed loads without exceeding the allowable stresses shall be determined by any one of the procedures described in the generally accepted standards.

To retard exterior fire spread, exterior walls and roof coverings of fallout shelters where located partially or wholly above grade shall have fire-resistance ratings of not less than as required by local building regulations or generally accepted standards.

Structural elements or members, including walls, partitions, columns, beams and trusses, shall have fire-resistance ratings in accordance with the requirements of section GS 202-1.

a--The floor area of fallout shelters shall be divided by fire walls into fire areas in accordance with section GS 203.

b--Fire walls shall form a continuous fire and smoke barrier between fire area from the floor of the fallout shelter to the roof of the fallout shelter and otherwise shall be constructed in conformity with local building regulations or generally accepted standards.

Where heat producing equipment is located adjacent to combustible materials, the insulation and clearance of the equipment shall be such that the temperature on the surface of the combustible materials will not exceed 175°F.

Concealed spaces within wall, partition, floor or stair construction shall be firestopped or filled with noncombustible material to prevent the passage of flame, smoke, fumes and hot gases.

a--Interior finish and trim shall be of materials that will not, in burning, give off excessive amounts of smoke or objectionable gases.

b--Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 100 as determined by tests conducted in conformity with generally accepted standards.

a--Plumbing, heating, electrical, ventilating, air conditioning, refrigerating, fire protection and other mechanical additions, installations or systems for the use of fallout shelters shall be designed, installed and located so that such equipment and systems will not be a potential danger to health or welfare, a danger because of structural defects, or a source of ignition, or any other hazard, and will not create excessive noise, or otherwise become a nuisance.

b--Equipment and systems shall be made of approved materials, shall be free from defective workmanship, and shall be designed and installed so as to be durable, without read for frequent repairs or major replacement.

c--The design and installation of equipment and systems shall conform to the requirements of section GS 106.

d--Equipment and systems shall be subjected to such applicable tests as will disclose defects and leaks.

e--Equipment and systems shall be capable of performing their functions satisfactorily without being forced to operate beyond the safe design capacity.

f--Equipment and systems subject to damage from freezing shall be adequately protected against freezing.

g--Equipment shall be protected from mechanical damage.

h--Moving parts of equipment that may be a potential hazard shall be guarded to protect against accidental contact.

i--Piping, conduits or ducts that may be a potential hazard shall not be permitted in fallout shelters unless shutoffs are provided outside the fallout shelter.

Plumbing systems shall conform with the requirements of section GS 501.

a--Potable water from a suitable source shall be available at all times in fallout shelters.

b--The source of potable water supply for a fallout shelter shall be:

1) A safe well water source;

2) Storage of water.

c--A minimum of 1/2 gallon of potable water shall be available for each person per day for a minimum of 14 days. Where the source of water is outside the fallout shelter means shall be provided to convey the required amount to the fallout shelter.

d--Storage of potable water shall be provided under sanitary conditions by one of the following:

1) Portable containers;

2) Tanks that form part of a building potable water supply distribution system with provision for isolating that portion used for potable water from the source of water;

3) Fire reserve sections of a combined domestic and fire systems water supply tank;

4) Other approved means.

e--Potable water storage and outlets shall not be located in toilet spaces.

a--Fallout shelters shall be provided with facilities designed to permit sanitary disposal or storage of sewage.

b--Facilities for disposal or storage of human waste shall be provided on the basis of one toilet for each 50 people, with a minimum of two toilets.

c--Toilets shall consist of one of the following:

1) Water closets, where adequate flushing water is available;

2) Chemical toilets;

3) Fixed or portable type with waterproof disposable containers;

4) Other approved types.

Roofs and paved areas, including yards and courts, shall be drained. Storm drainage shall be conveyed to an adequate and approved system of storm water disposal where available. Storm drains shall be discharged in such manner that water will not flow into fallout shelters.

a--The minimum amount of total air for ventilation of a fallout shelter shall be 10 cfm for each person, of which 3 cfm shall be fresh air from the exterior. Means shall be provided to regulate the proportion of fresh air from 3 cfm to 10 cfm per person in the minimum total air supplied.

b--Ventilation systems for fallout shelters shall be of the mechanical type except where it can be shown that the minimum amount of air is otherwise provided.

c--Mechanical ventilation systems shall be in conformity with the requirements of section GS 501.

d-Ventilating systems shall be designed and installed so that the rapid spread of heat, flame, or smoke through the system will be prevented, and so that under conditions of use the temperature of any combustible material adjacent thereto, or in contact therewith, will not exceed 175°F.

e--Ducts and other air handling equipment shall be of noncombustible material.

f--Filters shall he designed and installed so as not to constitute a fire or smoke hazard.

g--Ducts passing through fire walls shall be equipped with fire dampers.

h--Plenum chambers or enclosures for ventilating purposes shall conform to the requirements for ducts.

i--Where a mechanical system of ventilation is provided, it shall be such that a positive pressure is maintained in a fallout shelter relative to adjacent spaces.

j--Where a mechanical system of ventilation is provided, suitable filters shall be installed to remove fallout particles 50 microns and larger in diameter. Filter sections shall be sealed against air leakage.

a--Air required for ventilation of a service space may be the exhaust air transferred from the fallout shelter.

b--When outside air is used, it shall be filtered in conformity with the requirements of section GS 503.1j.

a--Fuel gas piping equipment and systems where provided shall be in conformity with the requirements of section GS 501.

b--Any service connection supplying gas at a pressure in excess of 1 psi gage shall be provided with a device to reduce such pressure to not more than 1/2 psi gage prior to entering any space serving a fallout shelter.

c--Undiluted liquefied petroleum gas in liquid form shall note be conveyed through piping equipment and systems in any space serving a fallout shelter.

a--Heating systems where provided shall be in conformity with the requirements of section GS 501.

b--Fuel burning equipment shall be located only in spaces that are ventilated in an approved manner.

a--Mechanical refrigeration and air conditioning equipment where provided shall conform to the requirements of section GS 501, and shall be designed and installed so as not to be a potential source of hazard from excessive pressure or refrigerant leakage.

b--Direct systems shall not be used for air conditioning purposes.

a--Sprinkler and standpipe systems where provided shall conform to the requirements of section GS 501.

b--Sprinklers and standpipes shall be controlled by a shut-off valve inside the fallout shelter or directly adjacent thereto.

requirements of section GS 501.

a--Electric lighting shall be provided in fallout shelters. Electric power shall be provided where mechanical equipment is installed.

b--Lighting and power shall be furnished through an independent electrical wiring system supplied from an auxiliary source. Where storage batteries are used as an auxiliary source, they shall be located in a service area and provisions shall be made to keep them fully charged when not being used. The system shall also be supplied from the building service and shall have provision in the fallout shelter to transfer from the building supply to the auxiliary source in the event of failure of the building supply.

c--Lighting shall provide not less than 2 foot candles at floor level in sleeping areas, 5 foot candles at floor level in activity areas and 20 foot candles at desk level in areas used for administrative or medical work.

d--The auxiliary source shall have a capacity and fuel supply sufficient to provide and maintain the total lighting and power load for a period of at least two weeks at not more than 9 per cent reduction from rated system voltage.

e--Switches and controls shall be provided in a central location and shall be protected against unauthorized use.

f--At least once a month, the complete system shall be tested for at least fifteen minutes with all power and lights energized. Records signed by the persons responsible for these tests shall be kept and shall be available for inspection.

A generally accepted standard is defined in these Regulations as a specification, code, rule, guide or procedure in the field of construction, or related thereto, recognized and accepted as authoritative and as listed in "Generally Accepted Standards for Regulations Governing Construction, Maintenance and Use of Fallout Shelters applicable to Family Fallout Shelters."

The standards are identified by symbols representing the name of the issuing or sponsoring organization or the general category of publications, the title of the standard, and its identification number, the last figures of which frequently indicate the year of issue. The names of the organizations, the abbreviations of their names, and the addresses where copies of the standards may be obtained, are listed herein.

The standards are arranged to correspond with parts 1, 3, 4 and 5 of these Regulations, relating, in that order, to general provisions and shielding requirements, structural requirements, fire-safety requirements and equipment requirements.