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§ 64447.3. Best Available Technologies (BATs) -- Radionuclides.

22 CA ADC § 64447.3Barclays Official California Code of Regulations

Barclays California Code of Regulations
Title 22. Social Security
Division 4. Environmental Health
Chapter 15. Domestic Water Quality and Monitoring Regulations
Article 12. Best Available Technologies (BAT)
22 CCR § 64447.3
§ 64447.3. Best Available Technologies (BATs) -- Radionuclides.
Currentness
The technologies listed in tables 64447.3-A, B and C are the best available technology, treatment technologies, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs for radionuclides in tables 64442 and 64443.
Table 64447.3-A
Best Available Technologies (BATs) Radionuclides
Radionuclide
Best Available Technology
Combined radium-226 and radium-228
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening
Uranium
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening, coagulation/filtration
Gross alpha particle activity
Reverse osmosis
Beta particle and photon radioactivity
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis
Table 64447.3-B
Best Available Technologies (BATs) and Limitations for Small Water Systems Radionuclides
Unit Technologies
Limitations (see footnotes)
Operator Skill Level Required
Raw Water Quality Range and Considerations
1. Ion exchange
(a)
Intermediate
All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency
2. Point of use, ion exchange
(b)
Basic
All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency
3. Reverse osmosis
(c)
Advanced
Surface waters usually require pre-filtration
4. Point of use, reverse osmosis
(b)
Basic
Surface waters usually require pre-filtration
5. Lime softening
(d)
Advanced
All waters
6. Green sand filtration
(e)
Basic
All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency
7. Co-precipitation with barium sulfate
(f)
Intermediate
to advanced
Ground waters with suitable quality
8. Electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal
(g)
Basic to
intermediate
All ground waters
9. Pre-formed hydrous manganese oxide filtration
(h)
Intermediate
All ground waters
10. Activated alumina
(a), (i)
Advanced
All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency
11. Enhanced coagulation/filtration
(j)
Advanced
Can treat a wide range of water qualities
Limitation Footnotes:
a The regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions, which could result in disposal issues.
b When point of use devices are used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring shall be provided by systems to ensure proper performance.
c Reject water disposal may be an issue.
d The combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex for small systems.
e Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality.
f Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and filtration, this technology is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place.
g Applies to ionized radionuclides only.
h This technology is most applicable to small systems with filtration already in place.
i Chemical handling during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without an operator trained in these procedures.
j This would involve modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.
Table 64447.3-C
Best Available Technologies (BATs) for Small Water Systems by System Size Radionuclides
Compliance Technologies for System Size Categories Based On Population Served
25-500
501-3,300
3,301-10,000
Unit Technologies
Contaminant
(Numbers Correspond to Table 64447.3-B)
Combined radium-226 and radium-228
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Gross alpha particle activity
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
Beta particle activity and photon radioactivity
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
Uranium
1, 2, 4, 10, 11
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11

Credits

Note: Authority cited: Section 116370, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Section 116350, Health and Safety Code.
History
1. New section filed 5-12-2006; operative 6-11-2006 (Register 2006, No. 19).
This database is current through 5/24/24 Register 2024, No. 21.
Cal. Admin. Code tit. 22, § 64447.3, 22 CA ADC § 64447.3
End of Document