(1) Amending as a Matter of Course. A party may amend its pleading once as a matter of course:

(2) Other Amendments. In all other instances, a party may amend its pleading only with leave of court or with the written consent of all opposing parties who have appeared in the action. Leave to amend must be freely given when justice requires.

(3) Effect on Pending Motions. After the filing of a motion under Rule 12(b), (e), or (f), amending a pleading as a matter of course does not, by itself, make moot the motion as to the adequacy of the pleading's allegations as revised in the amended pleading and does not relieve a party opposing the motion from filing a timely response.

(4) Proposed Pleading as an Exhibit. A party moving for leave to amend a pleading must attach a copy of the proposed amended pleading as an exhibit to the motion. The exhibit must show the respects in which the proposed pleading differs from the existing pleading by bracketing or striking through the text to be deleted and underlining the text to be added.

(5) Filing and Response. If a motion for leave to amend is granted, the moving party must file and serve the amended pleading within 10 days after the entry of the order granting the motion, unless the court orders otherwise. If the pleading is one to which a responsive pleading is required, an opposing party must answer or otherwise respond to an amended pleading within the time remaining for response to the original pleading or within 10 days after the amended pleading is served, whichever is later, unless the court orders otherwise.

(1) Based on an Objection at Trial. If, at trial, a party objects that evidence is not within the issues raised in the pleadings, the court may permit the pleadings to be amended. The court should freely permit an amendment when doing so will aid in presenting the merits and the objecting party fails to satisfy the court that the evidence would unfairly prejudice that party's claim or defense on the merits. The court may grant a continuance to enable the objecting party to respond to the evidence.

(2) For Issues Tried by Consent. When an issue not raised by the pleadings is tried by the parties' express or implied consent, it must be treated in all respects as if it had been raised in the pleadings. A party may move--at any time, even after judgment--to amend the pleadings to conform to the evidence and to raise an unpleaded issue. But failure to amend does not affect the result of the trial of that issue.

(1) Amendment Adding Claim or Defense. An amendment relates back to the date of the original pleading if the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth, or attempted to be set forth, in the original pleading.

(2) Amendment Changing Party. An amendment changing the party against whom a claim is asserted relates back if:

(3) Service. Service of process in compliance with Rule 4.1(h), (i), or (j) satisfies Rule 15(c)(2)(B)(i) and (ii) with respect to the state, county, or municipal corporation--or any agency or officer of those entities--to be brought into the action as a defendant.